Radial profiles of temperature and viscosity in the Earth’s mantle inferred from the geoid and lateral seismic structure

In the framework of dynamical modelling of the geoid, we have estimated basic features of the radial profile of temperature in the mantle. The applied parameterization of the geotherm directly characterizes thermal boundary layers and values of the thermal gradient in the upper and lower mantle. In the inverse modelling scheme these parameters are related to the observables (geoid and seismic structure of the mantle) through the viscosity profile which is parameterized as an exponential function of pressure and temperature. We have tested 3⁄4104 model geotherms. For each of them we have found proper rheological parameters by fitting the geoid with the aid of a genetic algorithm. The geotherms which best fit the geoid show a significant increase of temperature (3⁄4600–800oC) close to the 660-km discontinuity. The value of the thermal gradient in the mid-mantle is found to be sub-adiabatic. Both a narrow thermal core–mantle boundary layer and a broad region with a superadiabatic regime can produce a satisfactory fit of the geoid. The corresponding viscosity profiles show similarities to previously presented models, in particular in the viscosity maximum occurring in the deep lower mantle. The best-fitting model predicts the values of activation volume V Ł and energy EŁ which are in a good agreement with the data from mineral physics, except for V Ł in the lower mantle which is found somewhat lower than the estimate based on melting temperature analysis. An interesting feature of the viscosity profiles is a local decrease of viscosity somewhere between 500 and 1000 km depth which results from the steep increase of temperature in the vicinity of the 660-km discontinuity.  1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.